Facilitating disaster preparedness through local radio broadcasting

The 2008 Disaster Mitigation Preparedness (DMP) study took place in Aceh province, Indonesia. It sought to help develop radio programmes and messages to increase resilience to disasters. The role of radio was evaluated during and after the 2004 Asian tsunami disaster. The study team interviewed 984 tsunami survivors from nine sub-districts of Banda Aceh, and local nongovernmental organisations convened eight focus groups around the area of Aceh Besar. Six key informant interviews were held with government disaster management agencies. The DMP survey is the first of its kind to interview a representative random sample of Banda Aceh residents. It reveals the importance of community and social networks, during disaster situations, when essential communications are down. A disaster warning information system based on a multi-media approach needs to be developed. The wider community should be involved in the planning, education and training of Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar residents to facilitate appropriate personal and community survival strategies.     

地震滑坡研究回顾与展望

对国内外地震滑坡特别是汶川8.0级地震产生的地震滑坡的历史文献进行了系统回顾,认为地震滑坡的研究可以概括为发育分布规律统计研究和动力学机理研究。其中对于地震滑坡发育分布规律的研究较深入,取得了丰富的规律性认识;而关于动力学机理的研究,大多是基于表观现象的假设或推断,缺乏物理或数值模拟实验的验证。建议进一步开展:①基于地震波传播理论的物理或数值模拟;②高速远程滑坡形成机制与运动特征研究;③强震触发滑坡灾害链效应研究。     

Participatory Approach for Rapid Assessment of Plant Diversity through a Folk Classification System in a Tropical Rainforest: Case Study in Xishuangbanna, China

Abstract:  Rural indigenous people are often very knowledgeable about plant and animal species, including their identification and ecology. The use of indigenous knowledge has increasingly attracted attention in scientific circles. The Dai people, a dominant nationality in southwestern Yunnan, China, have developed their own traditional plant classification system. In a case study in Xishuangbanna, we compared the differences in number of plant species identified between scientific and Dai folk classification. The Dai people identified more than 80% of the plant species, and the correspondence between folk and scientific plant species was 87.7%. Our results indicate that folk plant classification could be used in rapid assessment of plant species in certain regions. The use of folk systems of plant classification for rapid biodiversity assessment will contribute to conservation of both indigenous knowledge and regional biodiversity.     

Use of Maryland Biological Stream Survey Data to Determine Effects of Agricultural Riparian Buffers on Measures of Biological Stream Health

This study was undertaken to determine the importance of riparian buffers to stream ecology in agricultural areas. The original Maryland Biological Stream Survey (MBSS) data set was partitioned to represent agricultural sites in Maryland's Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions. ANOVA, multiple linear regression (MLR), and CART regression tree models were developed using riparian and site catchment landscape characteristics. MBSS data were both stratified by physiographic region and analyzed as a combined data set. All models indicated that land management at the site was not the controlling factor for fish IBIs (FIBI) at that site and, hence, using FIBI to evaluate site-scale factors would not be a prudent procedure. Measures of instream habitat and location in the stream network were the dominant explanatory factors for FIBI models. Both CART and MLR models indicated that forest buffers were influential on benthic IBIs (BIBI). Explanatory variables reflected instream conditions, adjacent landscape influence, and chemistry in the Coastal Plains sites, all of which are relatively site specific. However, for Piedmont sites, hydrologic factors were important, in addition to adjacent landscape influence, and chemistry. Both Coastal Plain and Piedmont CART models identified several hydrologic factors, emphasizing the dominant control of hydrology on the physical habitat index (PHI). Riparian buffers were a secondary influence on PHI in the Coastal Plain, but not in the Piedmont. Between 40% and 70% of the variation in FIBI, BIBI, and PHI was explained by the “easily obtainable” variables available from the MBSS data set. While these are empirical results specific to Maryland, the general findings are of use to other locations where the establishment of forest buffers is considered as an aquatic ecosystem restoration measure.     

人工快速渗滤系统治理暴雨径流污染研究

土地处理技术是一项简单高效的污水处理技术,试验利用人工快速渗滤系统对武汉动物园暴雨径流进行了治理研究。试验结果表明,除总悬浮颗粒外各水质指标都达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级排放标准,具有良好的污水深度处理能力。系统对水量的削减较显著,在22.1cm/d的高水力负荷下,削减率达59.5%。     

垃圾渗滤液COD检测方法中Cl~-干扰问题的讨论

化学需氧量(COD)是垃圾渗滤液检测的一项重要指标,渗滤液中高浓度的氯离子(Cl-)对COD检测的干扰问题未引起足够的重视.通过实验对比了重铬酸钾回流法、快速消解分光光度法、碱性高锰酸钾法和紫外分光光度法检测渗滤液COD时的Cl-干扰程度.普遍采用的重铬酸钾回流法,由于Cl-存在干扰,掩蔽剂不能完全有效掩蔽,Cl-≤3550mg·L-1时测量结果并不准确;快速消解分光光度法并没有从根本上消除Cl-的干扰;碱性高锰酸钾法虽能消除Cl-干扰,但氧化效率只有重铬酸钾的60%左右;紫外分光光度法不仅时间短、效率高,还能有效避免Cl-带来的干扰.在COD值≤150mg·L-1的稳定水质中UV254与COD值有较高的显著相关性,相关系数为0.9985;UV365在COD值≤600mg·L-1都有很显著的相关性,相关系数为0.9996.UV365比UV254具有更广的检测范围和更高的COD相关性.     

韶钢2200 m3高炉优化休复风操作生产实践研究

韶钢2200 m³高炉投产运行近16年,处于炉役后期生产,受操作炉型不规则且炉缸保温性能极大下降等影响,高炉休风检修后,炉况恢复较困难。通过科学调剂精料管理、优化休风料加入方式、上下部操作制度并改进造渣制度和出铁模式等一系列措施,实现了高炉在短时间内快速恢复炉况的目的。     

基于海洋环境要素的动态航行风险评估*

为得到精确动态航行评估结果,将多准则决策方法与GIS风险制图技术相结合,以5种海洋环境要素（风场、洋流、海浪、海温和海底地形）作为评估因子,通过数据时空插值法和层次分析法（AHP,Analytic Hierarchy Process）确定评估因子权重,提出权重优化算法改进权重值,进而得到最优动态航行风险评估结果。结果表明:动态航行风险评估结果能够直观展示海域航行风险空间分布和变化趋势,评估具有实时性和连续性,可以为海域恶劣海况提供足够预警能力。     

露采高边坡模型初始地应力场快速生成方法研究*

为防止露釆高边坡建模中初始地应力场畸变,采用子模型法和等效应力梯度边界面力法,用等效应力梯度边界面力替代简化部分水平构造应力,施加侧边界条件。以黄山石灰石矿山高边坡为工程实例,建立取至负地形的高边坡整体计算模型和简化子模型,计算对比整体大模型与简化子模型初始地应力场模拟结果。结果表明:整体大模型与简化子模型水平方向和竖直方向应力误差较小,证明此数值模型简化法可行;以工程边界作为简化子模型侧边界,节点和单元简化率约52%,可快速模拟初始地应力场,提高计算效率。研究结果为高边坡整体大模型初始地应力快速生成提供新思路。     

沉淀时间及生物膜对实际生活污水形成好氧硝化颗粒污泥的影响

利用3个间歇式活性污泥反应器（sequencing batch reactor,SBR,命名为R1、R2、R3）和1个间歇气提式内循环反应器（sequencing batch airlift reactor,SBAR,命名为R4）,处理低碳氮比实际生活污水,系统考察改变沉淀时间的方式及器壁生物膜对快速启动硝化好氧颗粒污泥（aerobic granular sludge,AGS）反应器的影响.结果表明,R1、R2、R4的沉淀时间骤降为2、4、2 min,由于一次性施加的沉速选择压过强,造成污泥大量流失,反应器崩溃,而后反应器器壁不断长出生物膜,混合液和出水中出现大量絮状、棒状、颗粒状污泥,经过35～40 d的培养,出水NH⁺₄-N小于1 mg/L,这主要是器壁生物膜的作用.反应器中的松软颗粒状污泥并非AGS,但它和AGS周围都有大量的轮虫等原生动物和后生动物,这表明生物膜和AGS同源.根据污泥沉淀的实际情况,逐步降低R3反应器的沉淀时间为8、6、5、4 min,当沉速达到10 cm/min时,污泥开始颗粒化;沉速达到12 cm/min时,污泥颗粒化基本完成,共经历了33 d.AGS与絮状污泥长期共存,以0.3 mm为界,两者质量比约为2∶1,AGS平均粒径在0.5　mm左右, NH⁺₄-N降解速率是污泥未颗粒化之前的5倍.